The primary solid by-products generated during iron and crude steel production are slags, which account for about 90% of the total mass, as well as dust and sludge.
Typically, the electric arc furnace (EAF) route yields about 200 kg of by-products per ton of steel produced, while the blast furnace - basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route produces about 400 kg per ton.
In addition to the solid by-products mentioned above, process gases emitted by coke ovens, blast furnaces (BF) or basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) are also valuable by-products in the steelmaking process.
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